Directional Routing Techniques in VANET

Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANET) emerged as a subset of the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) application; it is considered to be a substantial approach to the ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). VANETs were introduced to support drivers and improve safety issues and driving comfort, as a step towards constructing a safer, cleaner and more intelligent environment. At the present time vehicles are equipped with a number of sensors and devices, including On Board Units (OBU); this enables vehicles to sense situations affecting other vehicles and manage communications, by exploiting infrastructures such as the Road Side Unit (RSU); creating a Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) pathway, or interacting directly with other vehicles creating a Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) pathway. Owing to the lack of infrastructures and difficulties involved in providing comprehensive coverage for all roads because of the high expense associated with installation, the investigation in this research concentrates on the V2V communication type rather than theV2I communication type. Many challenges have emerged in VANET, encouraging researchers to investigate their research in an attempt to meet these challenges. Routing protocol issues are considered to be a critical dilemma that needs to be tackled in VANET, particularly in a sparse environment, by designing an effcient routing mechanism that impacts on enhancing network performance in terms of disseminating messages to a desireddestination, balancing the generated packet (overhead) on the network and increasing the ratio of packet delivery with a reduced time delay. VANET has some unique characteristics compared to MANET; specifically it includes high mobility and constrained patterns restricted by roads, which lead to generation of a disconnected area occurring continuously between vehicles creating a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN). This is in opposition to applying the multi-hope technique properly to deliver the packet to its desire destination. The aim in this thesis comprises two main contributions. First developing novel routing protocols for a sparse environment in VANET with the context of utilising the mobility feature, with the aid of the equipped devices, such as Global Position System (GPS) and Navigation System (NS). This approach exploits the knowledge of Second Heading Direction (SHD), which represents the knowledge of the next road direction the vehicle is intending to take, in order to increase the packet delivery ratio, and to increase the route stability by decreasing instances of route breakage. This approach comprises two approaches; the first approach was designed for a highway scenario, by selecting the next hop node based on a filtration process, to forward the packet to the desired destination, while the second approach was developed for the intersection and roundabout scenario, in order to deliver the packet to the destination (unknown location). The formalising and specification of the VSHDRP has been performed using the CCA (Calculus of Context-aware Ambient), in order to evaluate the protocols behaviours, the protocol has been validated using the ccaPL. In addition the performance of the VSHDRP has been evaluated using the NS-2 simulator; comparing it with Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the protocol. Second, developing a novel approach to broadcasting the HELLO beacon message adaptively in VANET based on the node's circumstances (direction and speed), in order to minimise the broadcasting of unnecessary HELLO beacon messages. A novel architecture has been built based on the adaptive HELLO beacon message, which clarifies how the OBU components are interacting with the connected sensors, in order to portray any changes in the vehicle's circumstances, so as to take the right decision to determine appropriate action. This architecture has been built based on the concept of a context aware system, which divides the architecture into three main phases; sensing processing and acting

Routing management for DTN networks in VANET

Routing protocols in VANET are considered as one of the critical dilemmas that need to be tackled, especially in sparse environment. Thus designing an efficient routing mechanism has an impact on enhancing the network performance in terms of disseminating messages to their desired destinations. This paper proposes a novel routing protocol in VANET for sparse environment called Vehicle Second Heading Direction Routing Protocol (VSHDRP), which is designed to leverage the probability of delivering a data packet to its destination and to increase connectivity and route stability by utilizing the knowledge of the Second Heading Direction (SHD) in the process of selecting the next-hop node. This new routing protocol contains two modes; the highway straight mode and the roundabout\intersection mode. Moreover, the two modes of VSHDRP protocol are formalized in the Calculus of Context-aware Ambients (CCA) and simulated using the CCA interpreter ccaPL in order to analyse and validate the behaviour of the protocol

VSHDRP: Vehicle Second Heading Direction Routing Protocol in VANET

Routing protocols in VANET are considered as one of the critical dilemmas that need to be tackled, especially in sparse environment. Thus designing an efficient routing mech- anism has an impact on enhancing the network performance in terms of disseminating messages to their desired destinations. This paper proposes a novel routing protocol in VANET for sparse environment called Vehicle Second Heading Direction Routing Protocol (VSHDRP), which is designed to leverage the probability of delivering a data packet to its destination and to increase connectivity and route stability by utilising the knowledge of the Second Heading Direction (SHD) in the process of selecting the next hop-node. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper that takes the SHD into account to improve the routing mechanism in VANET. Moreover, the VSHDRP protocol is formalised in the Calculus of Context-aware Ambients (CCA) and simulated using the CCA interpreter in order to analyse the behaviour of the protocol

A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are classified as an application of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) that has the potential in improving road safety and in providing travellers comfort. Recently VANETs have emerged to turn the attention of researchers in the field of wireless and mobile communications, they differ from MANET by their architecture, challenges, characteristics and applications. In this paper we present aspects related to this field to help researchers and developers to understand and distinguish the main features surrounding VANET in one solid document, without the need to go through other relevant papers and articles starting from VANET architecture and ending up with the most appropriate simulation tools to simulate VANET protocols and applications

Range extended for electric vehicle based on driver behaviour

Driver behaviour has been considered one of the main factors that contribute to increase fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, traffic accidents and causalities. Thus, the concept of detecting and classifying driver behaviour i s vital when tackling these challenges. Recognition of the driver behaviour is a difficult task as in the real-world, the driving behaviour is effected by many factors e.g. traffic, road conditions, duration of the journey etc. Many approaches have considered the use of Computational Intelligence techniques, to develop a driver behaviour detection system. In this paper we concentrate on the impact of driver behaviour on the energy consumption and thereby on the range of electric vehicles. A new architecture is proposed to show how computational intelligence techniques could interact with the contextual information collected from the vehicle, the driver and external environment. A neural network model is used to classify the driver behaviour, and then this classification is used in a fuzzy logic controller to make balanced managements to the range extender operation